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| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2014 | Volume
: 21
| Issue : 1 | Page : 7-11 |
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Morphometric evaluation of soft palate in oral submucous fibrosis-A digital cephalometric analysis
Ravi Prakash Sasankoti Mohan, Sankalp Verma, Udita Singh, Neha Agarwal
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Kothiwal Dental College and Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| Date of Web Publication | 3-Mar-2014 |
Correspondence Address:
Ravi Prakash Sasankoti Mohan
S/O Mr. S. Mohan, Flat no. 107, Padnawati Nileyan Apartments, Narayanapuram, Tirupati - 517 501 Andhra Pradesh
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/1115-1474.128073
Aims: The present clinico-radiological study was done to evaluate the morphological variants of soft palate in oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) patients using digital lateral cephalometry. Different variations in the morphology of soft palate were compared with stages of OSMF. Further, soft palate morphology in OSMF patients was compared radiographically with that of normal population. Materials and Methods: A total number of 100 patients who were a part of this study were divided in two equal Groups. Group 1 comprised of 50 patients clinically diagnosed with OSMF and Group 2 included 50 routine patients. Results: Six different morphological variants of soft palate were found. Among the study Groups, type 1soft palate was most commonly seen (56%) whereas type 5 was the least common variant. Majority of patients belonged to stage II OSMF and type 1soft palate was commonly seen in this stage of disease whereas butt shaped soft palate (type 3) was more common in stage III OSMF. Conclusion: In OSMF, type 1 and 2 are commonly seen but as the diseases advances, these are replaced by type 3 and 6 variants. In OSMF patients, there in reduction in the anterio-posterior dimension of soft palate. Keywords: Cephalogram; oral submucous fibrosis; soft palate
How to cite this article:
Mohan RS, Verma S, Singh U, Agarwal N. Morphometric evaluation of soft palate in oral submucous fibrosis-A digital cephalometric analysis. West Afr J Radiol 2014;21:7-11 |
How to cite this URL:
Mohan RS, Verma S, Singh U, Agarwal N. Morphometric evaluation of soft palate in oral submucous fibrosis-A digital cephalometric analysis. West Afr J Radiol [serial online] 2014 [cited 2023 Sep 24];21:7-11. Available from: https://www.wajradiology.org/text.asp?2014/21/1/7/128073 |
| Introduction | |  |
Although the involvement of soft palate in OSMF patients was reported many decades earlier but still the medical literature reveals scarcity regarding its morphological variants. [1],[2] Earlier studies have almost ignored the diversity in the shape of soft palate and documented it to be of only one kind. This study is an effort to shun this prevailing myth and describe various types of soft palate seen in different stages of OSMF. In patients suffering from OSMF there is gradual decrease in the anterio-posterior dimensions of soft palate which can be visualized on lateral cephalograms. Thus, we hypothesize that digital lateral cephalography, apart from being readily available, relatively inexpensive and non-invasive, may be an accurate diagnostic tool to assess the prognosis of OSMF. A comparison between soft palate morphology in OSMF patients and healthy population has also been done. Presence of hooked shaped soft palate is one of the precipitating factors for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
| Materials and Methods | | |
A total number of 100 patients who attended the outpatient department were a part of this study. This study was conducted at the Kothiwal Dental College and Research Center, Moradabad, India. Study Group or Group 1 comprised of 50 patients who were diagnosed with OSMF on the basis of clinical criteria given by Moore et al., in 2011 which is as follows. [3]
Clinical
Stage I (S1): Stomatitis and or blanching of oral mucosa
Stage II (S2): Presence of palpable fibrous bands in buccal mucosa and/or oropharynx with or without stomatitis
Stage III (S3): Presence of palpable fibrous bands in buccal mucosa and/or oropharynx, and in any other part of oral cavity with or without stomatitis.
Stage IV (S4):- Any one of the above stage with premalignant lesions like leukoplakia, oral erythroplakia etc
- Any of the above stages with oral carcinoma.
Functional
M1: Interincisal mouth opening is upto or more than 35 mm
M2: Interincisal mouth opening is between 25-35 mm
M3: Interincisal mouth opening is between 15-25 mm
M4: Interincisal mouth opening is less than 15 mm.
After obtaining a written informed consent, they were subjected to digital lateral cephalometric radiography.
Group 2 or the control group included 50 healthy patients who visited the outpatient department. The patients with cleft palate or with history of surgery of cleft palate and those with fracture in head and neck region were excluded. After obtaining written informed consent, digital lateral cephalogram were taken. The exposure parameters for both the group were optimized as per the body type to obtain optimal images. Tracing [Figure 1] was done for all the digital cephalometric films and the shape of soft palate was compared with the standard pictures from the study done by You et al., in 2008. [4]
Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Ethical Committee.
| Results | | |
Both the groups contained equal number of patients. Age of the patients ranged from 21-55 years of age. In Group I, the mean age of patients was 36.08 ± 8.6, the youngest patient was 21 years old and oldest was 55 years of age. Majority of the patients were aged between 31 to 40 years (36%). In Group II, age of patients ranged from 22-51 years with majority of the patients aged between 31 to 40 years (48%). The mean age of the patients was 34.98 ± 7.56 years. [t = 0.680, P = 0.283NS.]
In both the groups, majority of patients were males. In Group I, there were 7 (14%) females as compared to 11 (22%) in Group II [t = 0.751, P = 0.265 NS].
Therefore, both the groups were comparable with respect to age and sex ratio.
In Group 1, majority of the patients were in OSMF Stage II (n = 34; 68%) followed by those in Stage III (n = 11; 22%) and Stage IV (n = 4; 8%). There were only 3 (6%) patients with OSMF Stage I.
After tracing and comparing the soft palate morphology with the standard pictures provided by You et al.,[3] following results were derived.
Type 1soft palate was the most common variant, found in 28 patients (56%) in Group 1 and in 32 patients (64%) in Group 2. The second most commonly occurring variant was rat tail shaped/type 2, present in 20% and26% cases in Groups 1 and 2, respectively. Type 3 was noticed in 7 patients (14%) in Group 1 and majority of these belonged to stage III OSMF. Whereas in Group 2, only 2 cases (4%) demonstrated type 3 soft palate, 4 cases (8%) in Group 1 demonstrated crook shaped type 6 soft palate whereas no cases were seen in Group 2. Only 1 case (2%) from each group showed type 4 soft palate. One case (2%) from Group 1 revealed type 5 soft palate but no case was reported with type 5 in Group 2 [Figure 2]. | Figure 2: Table and graph showing comparison of types of soft palate in Groups 1 and 2
Click here to view |
In OSMF patients, type 1 was seen in majority of cases whereas stage III cases revealed type 3 soft palate [Figure 3]. | Figure 3: Table and graph showing different types of soft palate in various stages of OSMF
Click here to view |
Although, majority of cases from both the groups demonstrated type 1 or type 2 soft palate, the length of soft palate (i.e. anterio-posterior dimension) was comparatively less in OSMF patients. Mean length of type 1soft palate was 29.62 mm and 35.86 mm in Groups 1 and 2, respectively. Similarly, type 2 soft palate measured 29.31mm and 35.24 mm (mean values), respectively in Group 1 and 2 [Figure 4]. On comparing the data, it was found to be statistically significant for type 1 (P = 0.017), type 2 (0.049) and not significant for type 3 (P = 0.390). | Figure 4: Table and graph showing comparison of length of soft palate in Groups 1 and 2
Click here to view |
| Discussion | | |
The soft palate or velum is the posterior fibromuscular part of the palate that is attached to the posterior edge of hard palate. It participates in most oral functions, notably in velopharyngeal closure, which is related to normal function of sucking, swallowing and pronunciation. [4],[5] Velopharyngeal closure refers to normal apposition of soft palate with the posterior and lateral pharyngeal walls.
You et al., in 2008 [4] conducted an in vivo study, titled, "Morphological variety of the soft palate in normal individuals: A digital cephalometric study" on 200 normal subjects where lateral cephalometric analysis on the morphology of the soft palate was done which revealed the variable radiographic appearance of the soft palate. By observing the soft palate they classified the radiographic appearances of the velum into six types. As it is well known that soft palate is a commonly involved site in OSMF, this study has been carried out to investigate different variants of soft palate in OSMF patients using digital lateral cephalogram. Cephalometry is a relatively inexpensive method and permits a good assessment of the soft tissue elements that define the soft palate and its surrounding structures. [5]
On the basis of the results, it can be concluded that there are six different morphological variants of soft palate [Figure 5]. Moreover, there is considerable decrease in length of soft palate in OSMF [Figure 4]. | Figure 5: Different morphological variants of soft palate as seen on digital lateral cephalogram
Click here to view |
These findings coincided with the results of the study done by You et al., in 2008. They also found type 1 and 2 to be most common. They reported the least common variant to be type 6 which was not so in our study (type 6 = 8%) According to our study, the least common variants were type 4 and 5.
Bacon et al., in 1990 [6] compared a Group of 43 adult males with sleep apnea syndrome with an homologous control Group by cephalometric evaluationwhere they observed that inobstructive sleep apnea patients the length of soft palate was increased and hypothesized it to be a key factor in obstructive sleep apnea. The mean length of soft palate was 45.6 mm with standard deviation of 4.1mm in obstructive sleep apnea whereas it was 38.7 with 3.2 in control group.
Elongation of soft palate in obstructive sleep apnea was also observed by studies carried out by Lyberg T, Krogstad D and Djupesland G in 1989 [7] and by Pepin et al., in 1992. [8]
Thus, while examining patients, elongation of soft palate along with hooked appearance should be noted as it may be a predisposing factor for obstructive sleep apnea.
| Conclusion | | |
Thus it can be concluded that there is gradual reduction in the length of soft palate in OSMF patients [Table 1]. Initial stages of OSMF present with either type 1 or type 2 soft palate, but as the disease progresses, an increased frequency of type 3 and 6 are noted. The results of this study establish morphometric changes of soft palate as a useful tool to assess the severity of OSMF. Larger number of clinical studies are necessary to support morphometric evaluation of soft palate as a basis for staging of OSMF. Moreover, elongation of soft palate along with hooked appearance may be a predisposing factor for obstructive sleep apnea. | Table 1: Summary table showing comparison of demographic characteristics, soft palate morphology between cases and controls
Click here to view |
| References | | |
| 1. | Rao AB. Idiopathic palatal fibrosis. Br J Surg 1962;50:23-5. 
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| 2. | Wahi PN, Luthra UK, Kapur VL. Submucus fibrosis of oral cavity. Histomorphological studies. Br J Cancer 1966;20:676-87.
[PUBMED] |
| 3. | More CB, Gupta S, Joshi J, Varma SN. Classification system for oral submucous fibrosis. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol 2012;1:24-9.
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| 4. | You M, Li X, Wang H, Zhang J, Wu H, Liu Y, et al. Morphological variety of the soft palate in normal individuals: A digital cephalometric study. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2008;37:344-9.
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| 5. | Kumar DK, Gopal KS. Morphological variants of soft palate in normal individuals: A digital cephalometric study. J Clin Diagn Res 2011;5:1310-3.
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| 6. | Bacon WH, Turlot JC, Krieger J, Stierle JL. Cephalometric evaluation of pharyngeal obstructive factors in patients with sleep apneas syndrome. Angle Orthod 1990;60:115-22.
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| 7. | Lyberg T, Krogstad O, Djupesland G. Cephalometric analysis in patients with sleep apnea syndrome: II. Soft tissue morphology. J Laryngol Otol 1989;103:293-7.
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| 8. | Pepin JL, Ferretti G, Veale D, Romand P, Coulomb M, Brambilla C, et al. Somnofluroscopy, computed tomography and cephalometry in the assessment of the airway in obstructive sleep apnea. Thorax 1992;47:150-6.
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5]
[Table 1]
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